{"id":26607,"date":"2024-12-15T19:18:20","date_gmt":"2024-12-15T18:18:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/?page_id=26607"},"modified":"2024-12-21T18:53:16","modified_gmt":"2024-12-21T17:53:16","slug":"niepce-et-linvention-de-la-photographie-les-premiers-essais-de-niepce","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/fr\/niepce-et-linvention-de-la-photographie-les-premiers-essais-de-niepce\/","title":{"rendered":"Ni\u00e9pce et l&rsquo;invention de la photographie \u2014 Les premiers essais de Ni\u00e9pce"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1816-1818 \u2014 Les premiers essais de Ni\u00e9pce<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id26607_eb61d8-4d > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id26607_eb61d8-4d > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id26607_eb61d8-4d > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(25% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(75% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id26607_eb61d8-4d > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id26607_eb61d8-4d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id26607_eb61d8-4d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id26607_eb61d8-4d alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column26607_d31d65-d4\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-322 size-thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/camera-obscura-invention-photographie-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"camera-obscura-invention-photographie\" class=\"wp-image-322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/camera-obscura-invention-photographie-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/camera-obscura-invention-photographie-180x180.jpg 180w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/camera-obscura-invention-photographie-360x360.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Camera obscura reconstitu\u00e9e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column26607_deb3dc-14\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vers l\u2019invention de la photographie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>En 1816<\/strong>, un an avant l\u2019expiration du brevet du pyr\u00e9olophore, Claude Ni\u00e9pce, fr\u00e8re de Nic\u00e9phore, s\u2019exile \u00e0 Paris, puis en Angleterre en 1817, pour chercher \u00e0 exploiter l\u2019invention du moteur.<br>Nic\u00e9phore entreprend seul de nouvelles recherches sur une id\u00e9e qui l\u2019obs\u00e8de depuis de nombreuses ann\u00e9es : fixer sur une substance, les images re\u00e7ues au fond des chambres obscures.<br>Jusqu\u2019alors, ces bo\u00eetes perc\u00e9es d\u2019un trou muni d\u2019une lentille projetant sur le fond, l\u2019image renvers\u00e9e de la vue ext\u00e9rieure, n\u2019avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es que comme instrument \u00e0 dessiner.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canalacademies.com\/emissions\/sous-la-coupole\/academie-des-beaux-arts\/aux-origines-de-la-photographie-nicephore-niepce\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&gt; \u00c9couter le podcast \u00ab\u00a0Aux origines de la photographie, Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce\u00a0\u00bb par Jean-Louis Marignier, charg\u00e9 de recherche au CNRS, sur le site des podcasts de l&rsquo;Institut de France<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id26607_87e1e0-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id26607_87e1e0-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id26607_87e1e0-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(75% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(25% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id26607_87e1e0-21 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id26607_87e1e0-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 2fr) minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id26607_87e1e0-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id26607_87e1e0-21 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-left-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column26607_92614f-b8 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column26607_92614f-b8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column26607_92614f-b8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column26607_92614f-b8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column26607_92614f-b8 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column26607_92614f-b8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column26607_92614f-b8{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column26607_92614f-b8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column26607_92614f-b8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column26607_92614f-b8\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le premier n\u00e9gatif au monde (non fix\u00e9)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour ses premi\u00e8res exp\u00e9riences, Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce dispose au fond d\u2019une chambre obscure des feuilles de papier enduites de sels d\u2019argent, connus pour noircir sous l\u2019action de la lumi\u00e8re. Il obtient alors en mai 1816, la premi\u00e8re reproduction d\u2019une image de la nature : une vue depuis sa fen\u00eatre. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un n\u00e9gatif et l\u2019image ne reste pas fix\u00e9e car, en pleine lumi\u00e8re, le papier continue de se noircir compl\u00e8tement. Il appelle ces images des \u00ab r\u00e9tines \u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column26607_a5dabc-79 kb-section-dir-vertical\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-555 size-thumbnail\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/retine-invention-photographie-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"R\u00e9tine au chlorure d'argent (reconstitution)\" class=\"wp-image-555\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/retine-invention-photographie-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/retine-invention-photographie-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">R\u00e9tine au chlorure d\u2019argent (reconstitution)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13\"]{margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13\"]{display:flex;gap:0.25em;align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13\"] .kb-adv-heading-icon svg{width:1em;height:1em;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13\"] .kb-adv-heading-icon{color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style><p class=\"kt-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading kt-adv-heading-has-icon has-theme-palette3-color has-text-color\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading26607_d79f02-13\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-adv-heading-icon kb-svg-icon-fa_youtube kb-adv-heading-icon-side-left\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kb-adv-text-inner\">Voir la vid\u00e9o sur les r\u00e9tines :<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Video about retinas | Vid\u00e9o sur les r\u00e9tines\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZBVoN7OX9lU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pour obtenir des positifs directs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Afin d\u2019obtenir des images positives, Ni\u00e9pce s\u2019oriente vers les compos\u00e9s qui se d\u00e9colorent \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re au lieu de noircir. Il essaie alors les sels et oxyde de fer ainsi que l\u2019oxyde noir de mangan\u00e8se. Bien qu\u2019il obtienne des r\u00e9sultats, il achoppe toujours sur le probl\u00e8me du fixage o\u00f9 il est n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019\u00e9liminer le produit initial qui n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 par la lumi\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le concept d\u2019image latente<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour r\u00e9soudre cette difficult\u00e9, il cherche une m\u00e9thode qui conduirait \u00e0 l\u2019obtention d\u2019images grav\u00e9es dans un support et \u00e9tudie l\u2019effet de la lumi\u00e8re sur les acides, esp\u00e9rant observer leur d\u00e9composition. Il n\u2019y aurait plus qu\u2019\u00e0 \u00e9tendre sur une pierre calcaire, l\u2019acide dont la force variant avec l\u2019intensit\u00e9 lumineuse graverait plus ou moins le support, suivant les teintes de l\u2019image projet\u00e9e. Mais les acides ne sont pas d\u00e9compos\u00e9s par la lumi\u00e8re et c\u2019est un nouvel \u00e9chec.<br>Ces derni\u00e8res recherches permettent tout de m\u00eame, \u00e0 Ni\u00e9pce, de comprendre qu\u2019il n\u2019est pas n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019employer un compos\u00e9 dont la transformation photochimique est directement visible \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153il, et qu\u2019un changement de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sous l\u2019action de la lumi\u00e8re, m\u00eame s\u2019il est invisible, peut induire l\u2019apparition de l\u2019image au cours d\u2019une r\u00e9action, soit avec le support, soit avec un autre compos\u00e9. Il s\u2019int\u00e9resse d\u00e8s lors \u00e0 toutes les substances qui interagissent avec la lumi\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des recherches parall\u00e8les<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ni\u00e9pce interrompt ses \u00e9tudes sur la lumi\u00e8re pendant pr\u00e8s d\u2019un an. R\u00e9pondant \u00e0 un concours lanc\u00e9 pour trouver en France des gisements de pierres calcaires destin\u00e9es \u00e0 la lithographie.<br>Septembre 1816 : les deux fr\u00e8res qui communiquent par courrier, essaient de trouver un nouveau carburant pour leur moteur. En employant de l\u2019huile de p\u00e9trole blanche ils d\u00e9couvrent le principe de l\u2019injection tel que nous le connaissons dans les moteurs actuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principe de l\u2019invention de la photographie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mars 1817, Ni\u00e9pce, obstin\u00e9, reprend ses recherches sur les images. Au cours de ses lectures des trait\u00e9s de Chimie, il s\u2019arr\u00eate \u00e0 la r\u00e9sine de Ga\u00efac extraite d\u2019un r\u00e9sineux. Sous l\u2019action de la lumi\u00e8re, cette r\u00e9sine jaune devient verte, mais ce qui int\u00e9resse avant tout Nic\u00e9phore c\u2019est qu\u2019elle perd sa solubilit\u00e9 dans l\u2019alcool. Il comprend que gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 cela on peut faire la diff\u00e9rence entre la r\u00e9sine transform\u00e9e et celle rest\u00e9e intacte, et donc fixer l\u2019image. Apr\u00e8s avoir obtenu de bons r\u00e9sultats en faisant les exp\u00e9riences directement sous la lumi\u00e8re du soleil, il \u00e9choue en ce qui concerne les images de la chambre obscure. Il ne savait pas que seuls agissent sur cette r\u00e9sine, les rayons ultra-violets malheureusement filtr\u00e9s par la lentille de sa chambre obscure.<br>Parall\u00e8lement, il se passionne en 1818, pour la draisienne (anc\u00eatre du v\u00e9lo sans p\u00e9dalier) et fait sensation en parcourant sur son \u201cv\u00e9locip\u00e8de\u201d, les chemins de Saint-Loup-de-Varennes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1816-1818 \u2014 Les premiers essais de Ni\u00e9pce Vers l\u2019invention de la photographie En 1816, un an avant l\u2019expiration du brevet du pyr\u00e9olophore, Claude Ni\u00e9pce, fr\u00e8re de Nic\u00e9phore, s\u2019exile \u00e0 Paris, puis en Angleterre en 1817, pour chercher \u00e0 exploiter l\u2019invention du moteur.Nic\u00e9phore entreprend seul de nouvelles recherches sur une id\u00e9e qui l\u2019obs\u00e8de depuis de nombreuses&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26642,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-26607","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Invention de la Photographie : Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce et 200 ans d\u2019Histoire<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00e9couvrez les \u00e9tapes 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