{"id":10,"date":"2015-01-07T12:05:09","date_gmt":"2015-01-07T11:05:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/test.niepce.com\/?page_id=10"},"modified":"2024-12-21T16:42:57","modified_gmt":"2024-12-21T15:42:57","slug":"niepce-invention-photographie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/fr\/niepce-invention-photographie\/","title":{"rendered":"Ni\u00e9pce et l&rsquo;invention de la photographie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1824-1829 \u2014 L\u2019invention de la photographie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En <strong>1824<\/strong>, Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce place des pierres lithographiques recouvertes de bitume, au fond d\u2019une chambre obscure et <strong>obtient, pour la premi\u00e8re fois au monde, l\u2019image fix\u00e9e d\u2019un paysage<\/strong>. Il faut un temps de pose extr\u00eamement long de plusieurs jours en plein soleil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le 16 septembre 1824, Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce \u00e9crit \u00e0 son fr\u00e8re Claude, habitant alors en Angleterre, les mots suivants :&nbsp;<em>\u00ab J\u2019ai la satisfaction de pouvoir t\u2019annoncer enfin, qu\u2019a\u0300 l\u2019aide du perfectionnement de mes proce\u0301de\u0301s je suis parvenu a\u0300 obtenir un point de vue tel que je pouvais le de\u0301sirer (\u2026). Ce point de vue a e\u0301te\u0301 pris de ta chambre du co\u0302te\u0301 du Gras ; et je me suis servi a\u0300 cet effet de ma plus grande c.o. [chambre obscure] et de ma plus grande pierre. L\u2019image des objets s\u2019y trouve repre\u0301sente\u0301e avec une nettete\u0301, une fide\u0301lite\u0301 e\u0301tonnante, jusque dans ses moindres de\u0301tails, et avec leurs nuances les plus de\u0301licates. Comme cette contre-e\u0301preuve n\u2019est presque pas colore\u0301e, on ne peut bien juger de l\u2019effet qu\u2019en regardant la pierre obliquement : c\u2019est alors qu\u2019il devient sensible a\u0300 l\u2019\u0153il, a\u0300 l\u2019aide des ombres et des reflets de lumie\u0300re ; et cet effet, je puis le dire, mon cher ami, a vraiment quelque chose de magique. (\u2026) En att[endant] tu peux, de\u0300s aujourd\u2019hui, regarder comme une chose de\u0301montre\u0301e et incontestable, la re\u0301ussite de l\u2019app[lication] de mes proce\u0301de\u0301s aux points de vue, soit sur pierre, soit sur verre. \u00bb<br><\/em>Cette lettre du 16 septembre 1824 marque la naissance de la photographie, dont le <a href=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/fr\/2024\/09\/09\/bicentenaire-de-linvention-de-la-photographie-une-celebration-incontournable\/\">bicentenaire est f\u00eat\u00e9 en 2024<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery .kb-gallery-type-masonry.kb-gallery-id-10_3c8154-ca{margin:-5px;}.kb-gallery-type-masonry.kb-gallery-id-10_3c8154-ca .kadence-blocks-gallery-item{padding:5px;}.kb-gallery-id-10_3c8154-ca .kadence-blocks-gallery-item .kb-gal-image-radius, .kb-gallery-id-10_3c8154-ca .kb-slide-item .kb-gal-image-radius img{border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery.kb-gallery-wrap-id-10_3c8154-ca{overflow:visible;}.kb-gallery-id-10_3c8154-ca .kadence-blocks-gallery-item .kb-gal-image-radius, .kb-gallery-id-10_3c8154-ca .kadence-blocks-gallery-thumb-item .kb-gal-image-radius{box-shadow:0px 2px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);}.kb-gallery-id-10_3c8154-ca .kadence-blocks-gallery-item:hover .kb-gal-image-radius, .kb-gallery-id-10_3c8154-ca .kadence-blocks-gallery-thumb-item:hover .kb-gal-image-radius{box-shadow:4px 2px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);}<\/style><div class=\"kb-gallery-wrap-id-10_3c8154-ca alignnone wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery\"><ul class=\"kb-gallery-ul kb-gallery-non-static kb-gallery-type-masonry kb-masonry-init kb-gallery-id-10_3c8154-ca kb-gallery-caption-style-bottom-hover kb-gallery-filter-none kb-gallery-magnific-init\" data-image-filter=\"none\" data-item-selector=\".kadence-blocks-gallery-item\" data-lightbox-caption=\"true\" data-columns-xxl=\"4\" data-columns-xl=\"4\" data-columns-md=\"4\" data-columns-sm=\"3\" data-columns-xs=\"2\" data-columns-ss=\"2\"><li class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-hide-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-743x1024.webp\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\" style=\"max-width:1858px;\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic\" style=\"padding-bottom:137%;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-scaled.webp\" width=\"1858\" height=\"2560\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-scaled.webp\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-scaled.webp\" data-id=\"25275\" class=\"wp-image-25275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-scaled.webp 1858w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-1487x2048.webp 1487w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-218x300.webp 218w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-768x1058.webp 768w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-743x1024.webp 743w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-1-1115x1536.webp 1115w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1858px) 100vw, 1858px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-hide-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-743x1024.webp\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-743x1024.webp\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-743x1024.webp\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-743x1024.webp\" data-id=\"25278\" class=\"wp-image-25278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-743x1024.webp 743w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-1487x2048.webp 1487w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-218x300.webp 218w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-768x1058.webp 768w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-1115x1536.webp 1115w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-2-scaled.webp 1858w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-hide-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-743x1024.webp\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-743x1024.webp\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-743x1024.webp\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-743x1024.webp\" data-id=\"25281\" class=\"wp-image-25281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-743x1024.webp 743w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-1487x2048.webp 1487w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-218x300.webp 218w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-768x1058.webp 768w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-1115x1536.webp 1115w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-3-scaled.webp 1858w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-hide-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-743x1024.webp\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-743x1024.webp\"   alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-743x1024.webp\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-743x1024.webp\" data-id=\"25284\" class=\"wp-image-25284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-743x1024.webp 743w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-1487x2048.webp 1487w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-218x300.webp 218w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-768x1058.webp 768w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-1115x1536.webp 1115w, https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/JNN-16-09-1824_page-4-scaled.webp 1858w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 partir de 1825, Ni\u00e9pce utilise r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement le cuivre comme support puis l\u2019\u00e9tain en 1826 et r\u00e9alise des images grav\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En 1827, Ni\u00e9pce se rend en Angleterre o\u00f9 il d\u00e9couvre son fr\u00e8re mourant, incapable de lui montrer une quelconque am\u00e9lioration du moteur. Il r\u00e9alise qu\u2019il ne sera tir\u00e9 aucun profit de cette invention dans laquelle ils avaient fond\u00e9 les plus grands espoirs. Apr\u00e8s avoir vainement tent\u00e9 d\u2019int\u00e9resser la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Royale \u00e0 son proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de reproduction des images qu\u2019il nomme H\u00e9liographie, Ni\u00e9pce rentre en France et continue avec acharnement \u00e0 perfectionner son invention. En 1828, il d\u00e9couvre une nouvelle m\u00e9thode qui conduit \u00e0 des images d\u2019une qualit\u00e9 sup\u00e9rieure avec des demi-teintes. En prenant comme support de l\u2019argent poli et en faisant agir des vapeurs d\u2019iode sur l\u2019image au bitume il obtient de v\u00e9ritables photographies en noir et blanc sur le m\u00e9tal. La pr\u00e9cision des images est \u00e9tonnante pour l\u2019\u00e9poque. Le temps de pose est toujours de plusieurs jours en plein soleil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principe et technique de l\u2019h\u00e9liographie \u00e0 la chambre obscure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le produit photosensible est le bitume de Jud\u00e9e.<br>C\u2019est une sorte de goudron naturel, connu depuis l\u2019antiquit\u00e9. Les anciens le r\u00e9cup\u00e9raient \u00e0 la surface de la mer morte (en grec lac Asphaltite) o\u00f9 il remonte continuellement du fond des eaux. On s\u2019en servait pour embaumer les momies chez les \u00e9gyptiens, pour calfater les navires ou encore pour faire des terrassements \u00e0 Babylone. Au XIXe si\u00e8cle, on savait d\u00e9j\u00e0 l\u2019extraire des roches bitumineuses si bien que le bitume utilis\u00e9 par Ni\u00e9pce ne venait pas de Jud\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_88d4c5-9c > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_88d4c5-9c > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_88d4c5-9c > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-lg, 3rem);grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id10_88d4c5-9c > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_88d4c5-9c > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_88d4c5-9c > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_88d4c5-9c alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_4d5d3a-66\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_fe2162-99\"]{margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_fe2162-99\"]{display:flex;gap:0.25em;align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_fe2162-99\"] .kb-adv-heading-icon svg{width:1em;height:1em;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_fe2162-99\"] .kb-adv-heading-icon{color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_fe2162-99\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_fe2162-99\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style><p class=\"kt-adv-heading10_fe2162-99 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading kt-adv-heading-has-icon has-theme-palette3-color has-text-color\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_fe2162-99\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-adv-heading-icon kb-svg-icon-fa_youtube kb-adv-heading-icon-side-left\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kb-adv-text-inner\">Voir la vid\u00e9o sur le vernis au bitume :<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Video about bitumen varnish | Vid\u00e9o sur le vernis au bitume\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/s2Zlh8_8SNE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_b7b860-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_b7b860-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_b7b860-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_b7b860-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_b7b860-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_b7b860-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_b7b860-33{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_b7b860-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_b7b860-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_b7b860-33\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d\"]{margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d\"]{display:flex;gap:0.25em;align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d\"] .kb-adv-heading-icon svg{width:1em;height:1em;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d\"] .kb-adv-heading-icon{color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style><p class=\"kt-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d wp-block-kadence-advancedheading kt-adv-heading-has-icon has-theme-palette3-color has-text-color\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_dafb9b-1d\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-adv-heading-icon kb-svg-icon-fa_youtube kb-adv-heading-icon-side-left\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kb-adv-text-inner\">Voir la vid\u00e9o sur le d\u00e9pouillement de l\u2019image&nbsp;:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Video about revealing the image | Vid\u00e9o sur le d\u00e9pouillement de l&#039;image\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DaJvX51sMu8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_15772b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_15772b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_15772b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_15772b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_15772b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_15772b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_15772b-03{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_15772b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_15772b-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_15772b-03\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a\"]{margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a\"]{display:flex;gap:0.25em;align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a\"] .kb-adv-heading-icon svg{width:1em;height:1em;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a\"] .kb-adv-heading-icon{color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style><p class=\"kt-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a wp-block-kadence-advancedheading kt-adv-heading-has-icon has-theme-palette3-color has-text-color\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_5bc45d-6a\"><span class=\"kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-adv-heading-icon kb-svg-icon-fa_youtube kb-adv-heading-icon-side-left\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\"  fill=\"currentColor\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"  aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"kb-adv-text-inner\">Voir la vid\u00e9o sur l\u2019inversion par traitement \u00e0 l\u2019iode :<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Video about iodine treatment | Vid\u00e9o sur l&#039;inversion par traitement \u00e0 l&#039;iode\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eWa6qMlirhU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca{margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-lg, 3rem);}.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca{border-top:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-right:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-left:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca{border-top:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-right:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-left:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca{border-top:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-right:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-left:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_6d2d1e-ca alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_322275-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_322275-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_322275-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_322275-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_322275-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_322275-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_322275-1d{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_322275-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_322275-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_322275-1d\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_89f220-60\"]{padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-md, 1.25rem);font-style:normal;border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_89f220-60\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_89f220-60\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_89f220-60\"] a, a.kb-advanced-heading-link.kt-adv-heading-link10_89f220-60{text-decoration:none;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_89f220-60\"]{border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_89f220-60\"]{border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading10_89f220-60 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading hls-none\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_89f220-60\">1 \u2013 Obtention de l\u2019image au bitume de Jud\u00e9e<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_75759a-34 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_75759a-34 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_75759a-34 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_75759a-34 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_75759a-34 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_75759a-34 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_75759a-34 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_7980ff-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_7980ff-9e\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18021\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_7faf3b-d7\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a Ni\u00e9pce dissolvait le bitume de Jud\u00e9e en poudre dans de l\u2019essence de lavande.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_fb50fe-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_fb50fe-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_fb50fe-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_fb50fe-21 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_fb50fe-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_fb50fe-21 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_fb50fe-21 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_5f846d-db{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_5f846d-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_5f846d-db\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-02.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18023\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_7f8259-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_7f8259-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_7f8259-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_7f8259-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_7f8259-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_7f8259-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_7f8259-30{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_7f8259-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_7f8259-30 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_7f8259-30\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a Il \u00e9talait ensuite cette solution en couche mince sur le support (verre, pierre, cuivre, \u00e9tain, argent).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_5fa03f-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_5fa03f-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_5fa03f-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_5fa03f-47 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_5fa03f-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_5fa03f-47 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_5fa03f-47 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_293f3c-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_293f3c-cd\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-03.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18025\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_b16036-f9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_b16036-f9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_b16036-f9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_b16036-f9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_b16036-f9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_b16036-f9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_b16036-f9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_b16036-f9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_b16036-f9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_b16036-f9\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a Par s\u00e9chage \u00e0 chaud, il obtenait un vernis brillant de couleur vermeil.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_4ca477-6f > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_4ca477-6f > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_4ca477-6f > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_4ca477-6f > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_4ca477-6f > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_4ca477-6f > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_4ca477-6f alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_12196a-01{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_12196a-01 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_12196a-01\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-04.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18027\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_0641a9-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_0641a9-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_0641a9-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_0641a9-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_0641a9-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_0641a9-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_0641a9-26{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_0641a9-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_0641a9-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_0641a9-26\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a Il exposait la plaque ainsi enduite dans la chambre obscure (<em>ici, projection d\u2019une diapositive<\/em>).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_f20889-31 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_f20889-31 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_f20889-31 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_f20889-31 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_f20889-31 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_f20889-31 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_f20889-31 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_646500-e0{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_646500-e0 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_646500-e0\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-05.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18029\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_f2f8ad-57\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a Apr\u00e8s exposition, aucune image n\u2019\u00e9tait visible. Ni\u00e9pce plongeait la plaque dans un bain d\u2019essence de lavande dilu\u00e9e qui dissolvait les parties n\u2019ayant pas, ou peu, vu la lumi\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_ac5eb4-d9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_ac5eb4-d9 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_ac5eb4-d9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_ac5eb4-d9 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_ac5eb4-d9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_ac5eb4-d9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_ac5eb4-d9 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_a24b02-03{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_a24b02-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_a24b02-03\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-06.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18031\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_e63333-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_e63333-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_e63333-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_e63333-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_e63333-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_e63333-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_e63333-fc{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_e63333-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_e63333-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_e63333-fc\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a L\u2019image obtenue, regard\u00e9e en incidence normale, \u00e9tait n\u00e9gative.<br>Le temps de pose en chambre obscure \u00e9tait de plusieurs jours en plein soleil.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8{margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-lg, 3rem);}.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8{border-top:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-right:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-left:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8{border-top:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-right:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-left:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8{border-top:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-right:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);border-left:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_cf77da-b8 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_75a064-1e > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_75a064-1e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_75a064-1e > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_75a064-1e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_75a064-1e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_75a064-1e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_75a064-1e{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_75a064-1e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_75a064-1e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_75a064-1e\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92\"]{padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-md, 1.25rem);font-style:normal;border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92\"] a, a.kb-advanced-heading-link.kt-adv-heading-link10_6f7bf7-92{text-decoration:none;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92\"]{border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92\"]{border-bottom:1px solid var(--global-palette7, #EDF2F7);}}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading hls-none\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading10_6f7bf7-92\">2 \u2013 Utilisation de l\u2019image au bitume de Jud\u00e9e<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_dc67a6-5d > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_dc67a6-5d > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_dc67a6-5d > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_dc67a6-5d > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_dc67a6-5d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_dc67a6-5d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_dc67a6-5d alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_85d6b1-54 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_85d6b1-54\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-07.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18033\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_eae18e-e3 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_eae18e-e3 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_eae18e-e3 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_eae18e-e3 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_eae18e-e3 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_eae18e-e3 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_eae18e-e3{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_eae18e-e3 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_eae18e-e3 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_eae18e-e3\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a Pour obtenir un positif, Ni\u00e9pce exploita cette image de deux fa\u00e7ons :<br>Sans traitement ult\u00e9rieur, \u00e0 condition de l\u2019avoir r\u00e9alis\u00e9e avec un vernis excessivement mince soumis \u00e0 une l\u00e9g\u00e8re sous-exposition (\u00e0 partir de 1827). Dans ce cas, le vernis \u00e9tait mat et par r\u00e9flexion, sous un \u00e9clairage rasant et dans un endroit sombre, l\u2019image apparaissait en positif.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_66f7d6-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_66f7d6-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_66f7d6-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_66f7d6-49 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_66f7d6-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_66f7d6-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_66f7d6-49 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_214070-c2{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_214070-c2 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_214070-c2\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-08.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18493\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_fc6739-69 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_fc6739-69 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_fc6739-69 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_fc6739-69 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_fc6739-69 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_fc6739-69 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_fc6739-69{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_fc6739-69 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_fc6739-69 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_fc6739-69\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a En l\u2019attaquant par des vapeurs d\u2019iode pour obtenir une image positive sur argent (de 1828 \u00e0 1831). Ni\u00e9pce pla\u00e7ait la plaque dans une boite contenant des cristaux d\u2019iode qui s\u2019\u00e9vaporaient spontan\u00e9ment.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_9e33d2-22 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_9e33d2-22 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_9e33d2-22 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_9e33d2-22 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_9e33d2-22 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_9e33d2-22 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_9e33d2-22 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_263dab-2b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_263dab-2b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_263dab-2b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-09.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18035\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_299afe-45 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_299afe-45 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_299afe-45 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_299afe-45 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_299afe-45 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_299afe-45 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_299afe-45{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_299afe-45 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_299afe-45 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_299afe-45\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a En quelques minutes les vapeurs d\u2019iode oxydaient l\u2019argent insuffisamment prot\u00e9g\u00e9 par le vernis. Il se formait \u00e0 la surface du m\u00e9tal une couche d\u2019iodure d\u2019argent qui, une fois le vernis \u00e9limin\u00e9, noircissait sous l\u2019action de la lumi\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id10_a522fe-37 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id10_a522fe-37 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id10_a522fe-37 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(20% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(80% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id10_a522fe-37 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id10_a522fe-37 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 2fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id10_a522fe-37 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id10_a522fe-37 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-right-golden kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;align-items:center;}.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col > .wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{align-self:stretch;}.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_5bc462-db{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_5bc462-db > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_5bc462-db\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"95\" src=\"https:\/\/bicentennial-of-photography.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/invention-photographie-bitume-judee-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18037\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column10_a2b23c-a9\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u203a Il obtenait alors une image parfaitement positive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/speos-photo.com\/fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&gt; D\u00e9couvrir Sp\u00e9os, l&rsquo;\u00e9cole de photographie qui pr\u00e9serve la Maison Ni\u00e9pce<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1824-1829 \u2014 L\u2019invention de la photographie En 1824, Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce place des pierres lithographiques recouvertes de bitume, au fond d\u2019une chambre obscure et obtient, pour la premi\u00e8re fois au monde, l\u2019image fix\u00e9e d\u2019un paysage. Il faut un temps de pose extr\u00eamement long de plusieurs jours en plein soleil. Le 16 septembre 1824, Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce \u00e9crit&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26642,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Invention de la Photographie : Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce et 200 ans d\u2019Histoire<\/title>\n<meta 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